A Guide to the Supreme Court and Choice
Nancy Northup in the News
Imagine a Nation Without Roe v. Wade
Roe v. Wade and the Right to Privacy
A Timeline of Supreme Court Decisions Protecting Privacy Rights
Ayotte V. Planned Parenthood
If Roe Reversed...
United States Supreme Court: the vote count
National Law Journal: Bracing for Reversal by Nancy Northup
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30 Faces of Roe

Introduction | Providers | Plaintiffs | Young Voices | Legal Advocates | Advocates | Law Makers | International Voices


LeRoy Carhart
Click here for more information on the current case,
Carhart v. Ashcroft

"As a physician, all I ever wanted to accomplish was to make people healthy and to help them achieve their life goals. But the politics of abortion are such that I have to take a stand against the harassment, intimidation and legislative hostility I’ve faced in Nebraska or lose everything that’s important to me. I never expected to be involved in a legal case that would come before the U.S. Supreme Court, and ultimately I chose to fight Nebraska’s abortion ban for myself; my partner, wife of 35 years and colleague, Mary; my children and grandchildren; and for the women who seek my medical care. Because I knew that if I didn’t fight back, my patients now and future generations of women will have lost the right to obtain the best medical care available to them for purely political reasons. No doctor should accept being forced to provide less than the best medical care."

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Dr. Carhart, who performs abortions in Bellevue, Nebraska, was the lead plaintiff in the Center for Reproductive Rights' successful Supreme Court challenge to his state's abortion ban statute (Stenberg v. Carhart) and is the plaintiff in the current challenge to the federal abortion ban (Carhart v. Ashcroft). A retired Air Force lieutenant colonel, Dr. Carhart is one of only three abortion providers in the state of Nebraska.


Jane Hodgson

"In some ways, it's just as bad now as it was back in the pre-Roe days, and in some ways even worse. So many of the clinics in Minnesota are having to close because of our lack of providers. There are just about 12 doctors in the state that are providing all of the abortions and they soon will be dying off, including myself. I don't know what will happen. Pro-choice medical students, a dedicated bunch, are trying to demand an education. Membership in Medical Students for Choice now is about 7,000 students, but the problem is that they're only students for a short time. I've trained dozens of doctors who go into practice in a small town and become immediately isolated. One of my prize pupils had to even leave his practice in a small town because it was learned that he bought a suction machine to perform abortions."

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Dr. Hodgson was a Board Member of the Center for Reproductive Rights. She risked jail to challenge a criminal law prohibiting abortions prior to Roe v. Wade. Later, as lead plaintiff in Hodgson v. Minnesota, she went to the U.S. Supreme Court to end restrictions on young women's rights. A founding fellow of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Dr. Hodgson has been recognized as an expert by both federal and state courts throughout the United States. She was a member of the Board of Directors and staff of the Women's Health Center in Duluth, Minnesota, which she helped found in 1981. Dr. Hodgson passed away October 23rd, 2006.


William F. Harrison

"After antibiotics and safe blood transfusions became available in the 1940s and the introduction of effective hormonal methods of birth control in the 50s and 60s, the ready availability of safe, legal and available birth control methods and safe, legal abortions created by the three landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions-Griswold v. Connecticut, Eisenstadt v. Baird, and Roe v. Wade-have been the greatest advances in women's health care in the last half of the 20th century. In the days before Roe v. Wade, there were literally hundreds of thousands of young women who suffered the effects of illegal abortions every year. Thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of these women became sterile as a result of terrible infections or surgeries necessary to correct the problems that resulted secondary to illegal abortions. Most doctors today have never seen a complication of any type from an abortion, whereas ob-gyn residents saw them by the hundreds, some by the thousands, in the days before Roe v. Wade. It's as though we have conquered a terrible disease, like diabetes or cancer or any number of other scourges that afflict mankind."

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Dr. Harrison, a board-certified ob-gyn and a fellow of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, currently provides a full range of gynecological services at the Fayetteville Women's Clinic. Since 1985, he has been very active in support of reproductive freedom in his state and local community. He has been represented by the Center for Reproductive Rights in several successful federal lawsuits against the state of Arkansas.


Jane Bovard

"We live with constant protester problems and interference with patients coming into the facility. Currently, the building we're in is like a storefront. The protesters stand smack at our door, so that when anyone comes in, protesters can grab them, and the city really doesn't do anything about it. Over the years, we have had blockades and invasions. In 1991, we had the Lambs of Christ here the whole summer and had several hundred arrests; the clinic was invaded three times that year. One memorable time, a protester drove a car across our driveway and disabled it by taking the tires off. He welded himself inside of the car. He lay on the ground for about six hours. When the police came, they couldn't just drag the car off-they had to literally cut him out of the car. This is what we have to deal with just to provide safe health care to women."

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Since 1998, Ms. Bovard has been the administrator of the Red River Women's Clinic, the only abortion service clinic in North Dakota. Before that, from 1981 to 1997, she administrated the Fargo Women's Health Organization, the first abortion clinic in the state. In 1991, hundreds of members of the Lambs of Christ invaded and blockaded the Fargo clinic, picketed the homes of its staff, and were arrested in such large quantities that the jails were clogged with anti-choice protesters. In 1975, Ms. Bovard founded the first chapter of the National Abortion Rights Action Leage (NARAL) in North Dakota.


Robin Rothrock

"What keeps me going in this crusade? It is the women that come to our clinic that give me the motivation. They demonstrate incredible courage and strength by deciding to terminate their pregnancy. I really am uplifted everyday by the women. Honestly, I couldn't ask for a better profession. I feel blessed every day.

Many of the women we see at our clinic are the voiceless, faceless women who fly below the radar of most social service agencies and who certainly are not within the realm of consideration with most politicians. In practice, Roe only exists for women of privilege, not for women of poverty. Over the years in Mississippi, Louisiana and Alabama, poor women are the ones who have been affected and poor women are the ones suffering."

Due to the threatening environment facing providers Ms. Rothrock chose not to be pictured.

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Ms. Rothrock serves as the clinic administrator of the Hope Medical Group for Women in Shreveport, Louisiana. The Hope Medical Group has been a plaintiff in numerous court challenges to restrictive abortion laws in her state.


Susan Cahill

"If I had lost my challenge to Montana's 'doctor only' law, women would still get abortions, but they would be forced to go further to get them, particularly if they wanted a woman to do them. But from a personal standpoint, it would have been devastating to me if we hadn't won. Doing abortions as part of a family practice has been the greatest joy of my life, because it allows me to serve women at different times in their lives in a safe manner, in a respectful manner-which many places don't provide. I have seen patients experience the joy of getting pregnant and the crises of an unintended pregnancy, and they thanked me for being there for them at all times. I've become somebody that they can trust and in the process, I have learned from them. It's the best way that I have been able to go through my life and it has afforded me a better understanding of the profession of service."

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As a licensed physician assistant in Montana, Susan Cahill has legally and safely performed over four thousand abortions in the last 25 years. Her medical service is crucial to women because 89% of Montana counties have no abortion provider.

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LeRoy Carhart (continued)

"The anti's are trying to undermine existing rights by making abortion unavailable by reducing the number of providers willing to work-or able to work. Abortion may remain legal on the books, it just may not be available except by unlicensed providers. No matter what form of birth control you use, there's nothing right now that is 100% effective. And pregnancy itself carries its own risks-risks that women with wanted pregnancies are willing to take. However, it is inherently safer to terminate an unwanted pregnancy than to carry to term. It is simply cruel and unusual punishment to force a woman to carry an unwanted pregnancy to term.

Men have had unlimited availability to 'abortion' since the beginning of time. Men can walk away from unwanted pregnancies with virtually no response from government. I believe that, unless women are given an equal right to determine whether or not they remain pregnant, they will not be considered equal. I think that's what the anti's are most afraid of-women becoming equal.

I've been a doctor for a long time. For over 20 years, I served as an officer in the United States Air Force, providing medical and surgical services to the women and men of the armed service and their dependents. I started providing abortion services as a medical student over 30 years ago. It was as a medical student that I learned when a woman finds herself in a desperate situation involving an unwanted pregnancy, even the fear of death will not deter her from seeking a solution. During those years, I sat on "Abortion Committees" where the fate of a woman and the decision of how a certain pregnancy would affect the remainder of her, and her family's life was decided. Decided by a committee of, notably, all male physicians.

During these same years, I spent months on rotations at Hahnemann Hospital and Philadelphia General Hospital, both in the emergency departments and on the wards. Here countless women, all having sought the only solution available to what they considered an impossible situation, were brought to the hospital septic and near death. For many, death was the alternative they received. And for the women who were lucky enough to survive the complications, all were left deeply scarred, and the vast majority, sterile for life. Dead or sterile, not because of their choice to end their unwanted pregnancy, but because of the horrible conditions they were forced to undergo to fulfill that choice.

Upon my retirement from the Air Force, I opened a medical practice in Bellevue, Nebraska. Very soon thereafter a friend, who happened to be a nurse, approached me. I had operated upon both her husband and her daughter while on active duty. She asked if I would consider helping out in a nearby abortion clinic, where she worked as the director of nursing. After much discussion with my wife, children, father and friends, and a great amount of prayer, the decision to become an abortion provider, as a part of my medical practice, was made. After three months of intense training, I performed my first abortion in over ten years in February of 1988.

On September 6, 1991, my daughter's twenty-first birthday, and the day the Nebraska Parental Notification Law became effective, my life and the lives of my entire family were changed forever. On that day, an arsonist set fire to and completely destroyed virtually everything we owned and had worked for. Our house, a forty-three stall horse barn, a food concession stand, a tack store, a truck, a camper and two horse trailers were completely destroyed. In addition, seventeen horses, our cat and our dog were killed. Everything we owned, except the clothes we were wearing and the vehicles we were driving, was destroyed. The following morning, I received in the mail a letter from someone claiming responsibility and likening the "murder" of the horses to the murder of children. The Bellevue and Nebraska state fire marshals were present at the fire before it was extinguished. After a cursory evaluation, both confirmed the suspect of arson, stated that less than 2% of arsonists were ever caught in Nebraska and ordered the entire remains of the blaze to be bulldozed in a large pile, thus rendering any further investigations impossible.

To prevent this event from being even a minute victory for the anti-choice zealots, my family and I decided to make the practice of abortion, the training of physicians to become abortion providers, and increasing the availability of safe and legal abortions to a greater number of women, my goals for the remainder of my professional life.

In the years that I have provided abortions, I have cared for all kinds of women who have decided to obtain abortions. Women who could not afford another child, abused women, young women, some in their pre-teen years who didn't even know they could get pregnant. Raped women, some raped by a close relative, and a few even by their own father. Some women have been suicidal. Others have had serious health problems that are complicated by pregnancy-like cancer, diabetes, heart disease and AIDS. And many that just could not face the trauma of continuing their pregnancy at this time of their life. Every one of these women had two things in common: 1) Each one had already made the decision to have an abortion. Most of the younger women have had the support of, and were accompanied by, their parents. Most of the women come with the support of their partner or best friend. 2) Each one, no matter what the circumstances surrounding her decision, wanted the assurance that she was going to get the best medical care possible. The government should not be allowed to force me to provide less."

Jane Hodgson (continued)

"I decided to challenge my state's abortion law and I was spurred on when New York passed a law legalizing abortion. We were all so elated. I was denied permission by the federal court to perform an abortion, but I went ahead with the abortion at a private hospital in Minnesota and was indicted. I went to trial in the fall and pled guilty. The assistant district attorney published a three-page newspaper story on why I was guilty in the Catholic bulletin. I looked upon it as a period of education for the public and legislature. I had gone to the legislature several times before to modify the law but they could never agree on any of the details.

I was sentenced to 30 days in jail though the sentence was suspended pending my appeal to the Minnesota Supreme Court. Justice Blackmun, who was in Rochester at the time as an attorney for the Mayo Clinic, cited my case several times, even referring to it in Roe v. Wade. He described it as a case that demonstrated the need for change.

The state supreme court sat on my case until Roe v. Wade in 1973. In the meantime, I was offered a job as medical director in Washington, DC, where abortion laws were more liberal, at the Pre-term Clinic two blocks away from the White House. Women came from all over the country. We only did first-trimester abortions. It was kind of exciting because it was an entirely different technique and surgical environment. We also stressed the counseling concept. It was all very new, a new field, new sub-specialty. Each patient had her own counselor that stayed with her through the whole procedure. We wrote a lot, published a lot. It was a very meaningful time."

Jane Bovard (continued)

"The protestors' goal these days is to make abortion inaccessible. They haven't been able to outlaw it, so they do everything they can to make it unattainable. During the last couple of years, my home was picketed on a weekly basis. It makes it very difficult for us to get a local physician to work for us, and a lot of that has had to do with the intimidation factor. Doctors are scared to death that they will be picketed, and that it would damage their practice, so they think, 'Let the clinic do it. We don't need to be bothered by this.'

For a while, we didn't have many young people working at the clinic. But recently we have had a whole new group of young college graduates who are very interested in getting involved. They are enthusiastic and great to work with and a positive addition to our staff. People tell us that this is their favorite job. We have created a very, very positive atmosphere, and they are committed to seeing that services are available. It makes it all very affirming to the patients. I think that they come in thinking they're going to be judged and they leave feeling good about themselves. I think that's really important, and I think that comes from the positive attitude of the staff."

William F. Harrison (continued)

"But if Roe v. Wade is overturned, I don't know what's going to happen. Certainly an out-of-wedlock birth doesn't have the stigma that it once carried in most of the country 30 years ago. And perhaps there will be more and better trained 'underground' providers of abortion and more and safer places where a woman will be able to obtain a safe abortion should Roe v. Wade be overturned. But there is still a very significant number of girls, young and middle-aged women who will become pregnant in what they feel to be calamitous circumstances for themselves or their family, and will have an abortion, safe or not. A lot of these women are not going to be able to afford to go three or four states away to have that safely and legally done. So we are going to start seeing illegal abortions again, many self-induced. Most of the underground practitioners are not going to be physicians with experience, compassion and medical licenses.

The development of the abortion clinic in the late 60s made abortion much safer because large numbers were done in these places and they developed safer, less painful and less expensive techniques. But the creation of the clinic has been a double-edged sword because private physicians are no longer involved with their patients who are carrying unwanted pregnancies. The vast majority of patients in abortion clinics are self-referred-most younger physicians don't see the tremendous numbers of women who are in desperate need of elective abortion. Since their own physicians are not seeing these patients who need abortions, the issue-except for the awful images promoted by pro-life activists-has largely disappeared from public view. And physicians who provide abortions are marginalized in almost every community. The vast majority of young, and even middle aged doctors today have no accurate idea about abortion practice."

Robin Rothrock (continued)

"It is immoral for a government to force a woman to bear a child against her will. I am committed to ensuring that every woman has the right to control her own biological destiny and physical sovereignty. The government has absolutely no right to make that decision for women. But the state seems to feel it has the right to deny women abortion care. What it all finally comes down to is access to abortion care, and if no one is willing to provide care than this is just all 'empty talk.' Somebody has to be willing to stand there and make this happen. And that's what I do, when I go to work everyday."

Susan Cahill (continued)

"The other thing that this case underscored for me is that advanced level practitioners are completely capable of performing abortions. The other wonderful thing about the case is that I can be a representative to other advanced level practitioners who really want to be able to do first trimester abortions. I’m sort of like their hero in that sense. I feel great about that. I mean I don’t feel like a hero myself. But if I can help somebody else to have courage enough to keep going forward, then good, I’ll do it.

I now feel completely confident and secure in being able to do abortions because of the decision. The biggest challenge for me is now to get an MD to come in and work with me so that I can continue to practice. Our current MD, Dr. Armstrong, is 73—soon to be 74. He is semi-retired. He really wants to retire. But he is so dedicated to keeping abortions safe and legal and accessible in our area that he continues to work because he is the only one doing it until I get back. Until I find somebody else, he’s going to continue to stay with me."

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