Page 1 Page 2 Endnotes

References
Henshaw SK, Induced abortion: a world review, 1990, Family Planning Perspectives, 1990, 22:76-89.
2. Cook RJ and Dickens BM, Issues in Reproductive Health Law in the Commonwealth, London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1986; and Cook RJ and Dickens BM, Emerging Issues in Commonwealth Abortion Laws, London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1982.
3. Knoppers BM and Brault I, La Loi et L'Avortement dans les Pays Francophones, Montreal: Éditions Thémis, 1989.
4. Ramachandran P, India, in Sachdev P, ed., International Handbook on Abortion, New York: Greenwood Press, 1988, pp. 244-245; and Akhter H, Bangladesh, in ibid., p. 39.
5. Penal Law 5737-1977 (1994), art. 316, translated by A. Greenfield, A.G. Publications, 1994.
6. Penal Code (1945), art. 230.
7. Penal Code (1991), art. 119.
8. Termination of Pregnancy Act [Chapt. 15:10], Act 29 of 1977, §4.
9. R. v. Bourne, [1939] 1 K.B. 687, 694; [1938] All E.R. 617, 619.
10. Population Division, United Nations (UN) Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Abortion Policies: A Global Review, Vol. III: Oman to Zimbabwe, New York: UN, 1995, p. 8.
11. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, Act No. 34 of 1971, §3(2), Explanation I, reprinted in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1971, 22:965.
12. Great Britain: Abortion Act 1967 (c 87) as amended by Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990 (c37), §1(a); Taiwan: Eugenic Protection Law of 1984, chap. III, art. 9, translated in Annual Review of Population Law, 1984, Vol. 11, p. 345; Zambia: Termination of Pregnancy Act, Act No. 26 of 1972, art. 3(1)(a)(iii) reprinted in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1973, 24:448-49; Finland: Law No. 239 of 1970 on the interruption of pregnancy, art. 1(2), translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1970, 21(4):699-700; India: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, op. cit. (see reference 11); and Japan: Protection of Mothers' Bodies Act, Law No. 105 of June 26, 1996, chapt. III, art. 14(1).
13. Belgium: Law of April 3, 1990, on the termination of pregnancy, ameding art. 350 of the Penal Code, translated in Annual Review of Population Law, 1990, Vol. 17, p. 336; and Italy: Penal Code (Ulrico Hoepli, 1992), art. 5.
14. United States and Puerto Rico: Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 869-877 (1992); Netherlands: Ketting E, Netherlands, in Rolston E and Eggert A, eds., Abortion in the New Europe, Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994, pp. 173 & 180; and Singapore: Termination of Pregnancy Regulations of October 1, 1987, art. 3(2), reprinted in Annual Review of Population Law, 1990, Vol. 17, p. 348.
15. Belgium: Law of April 3, 1990, amending art. 350 of the Penal Code, op. cit. (see reference 13); France: Public Health Code (Dalloz, 1995), art. L 162-12; Great Britain: Abortion Act 1967 (c 87) as amended by Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990 (c37), §1(d); Russian Federation-formerly Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): Decree of Dec. 31, 1987, of USSR Ministry of Health, §§1-2, translated in Annual Review of Population Law, 1988, Vol. 15, p. 39; and South Africa: Choice on Termination of Pregnancy, Act. No. 92, Nov. 12, 1996, art. 2(b).
16. Crown Decree No. 181-66 of July 1, 1967, art. 453, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1968, 19:217.
17. Denmark: Law No. 350 of June 13, 1973, on the interruption of pregnancy, Chapt. 3, §6, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1973, 24: 773; Italy: Penal Code (Ulrico Hoepli, 1992), art. 12; and Norway: Law No. 50 of June 13, 1975, on the termination of pregnancy, as amended by Law No. 66 of June 16, 1978, §4, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1979, 30(1):126.
18. Benin: Population Division, UN Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Abortion Policies: A Global Review, Vol. I: Afghanistan to France, New York: UN, 1992, p. 50; and Lebanon: Population Division, UN Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Abortion Policies: A Global Review, Vol. II: Gabon to Norway, New York: UN, 1993, p. 102; Great Britain: Abortion Act 1967 (c 87) as amended by Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990 (c37), §1; Israel: Penal Law 5737-1977 (1994), art. 315, translated by A. Greenfield, A.G. Publications, 1994; and Panama: Resolution No. 1, Ministry of Health, April 21, 1989, translated in Annual Review of Population Law , 1989, Vol. 16, p. 34.
19. Great Britain: Abortion Act 1967 (c 87) as amended by Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990 (c37), §1; India: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, op. cit. (see reference 11), §4; South Africa: Choice on Termination of Pregnancy, Act. No. 92, Nov. 12, 1996, art. 3; and Belgium: Law of April 3, 1990, amending art. 350 of the Penal Code, op. cit. (see reference 13).
20. Botswana: Penal Code (Amendment) Act of Oct. 11, 1991, reprinted in Annual Review of Population Law, 1991, Vol. 18, p. 322; Cameroon: Penal Code (1969), art. 339(2); Costa Rica: Penal Code (Porvenir, 1988), art. 121; and Bangladesh: Akhter H, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 4), p. 39.
21. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 881-884 (1992).
22. Penal Code (C.H. Beck, 1997) §219.
23. Ibid., §218a.
24. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 885-887 (1992); and the Center for Reproductive Rights, The status of a woman's right to choose abortion, Reproductive Freedom in the States, Jan. 15, 1997.
25. Law of April 3, 1990, amending art. 350 of the Penal Code, op. cit. (see reference 13).
26. International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), Le Conférence de Cotonou: Élimination des barrières juridiques à la santé sexuelle et reproductive en Afrique francophone, 1997, pp. 9, 15, 22 & 23.
27. Austria: Population Division, UN Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 18), p. 33; Lithuania: International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) European Network, Abortion Legislation in Europe, London: IPPF, Feb. 1997; Bulgaria: Population Division, UN Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, 1992, op. cit. (see reference 18), p. 63; and Israel: Sabatello EF, Estimates of demand for abortion among Soviet immigrants in Israel, Studies in Family Planning, 1992, 23:268-271.
28. Henshaw SK, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 1).
29. R v. Morgentaler, Smoling, and Scott, [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30, 79-80; and The Queen v. Morgentaler, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 463, 516.
30. Act No. 85-05 on health protection and promotion, Feb. 16, 1985, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1985, 36(4):909.
31. Malaysia: Act A727 of 1989 reprinted in Annual Review of Population Law, 1989, Vol. 16, p. 32; Mongolia: Decree No. 200 of Dec. 23, 1989, §56, reprinted in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1993, 44(1):42; Pakistan: Ordinance VII, Sept. 5, 1990, §338, reprinted in Annual Review of Population Law, 1990, Vol. 17, p. 345-346; and Cambodia: Royal Kram No. NS/SKM/0196/06 of Nov. 12, 1997, Art. 8.
32. Albania: International Planned Parenthood Federation European Network, Abortion Legislation in Europe, Feb. 1997; Bulgaria: Decree No. 2 of Feb. 1, 1990 on the conditions and procedures for the artificial termination of pregnancy, translated in Annual Review of Population Law, 1990, Vol. 17, p. 340; Czech Republic: Law No. 66 of Oct. 20, 1986, concerning the artificial termination of pregnancy, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1988, 39(3):642; Hungary: Law No. 79 of Dec. 17, 1992, on the protection of the life of the fetus, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1993, 44(2):249; Romania: Decree-Law No. 1 of Dec. 26, 1989, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1992, 43(3):530; and Slovak Republic: Law on Abortion, No. 73 of Oct. 23, 1986, translated in Annual Review of Population Law, 1986, Vol. 13, p. 39.
33. Law of Jan. 7, 1993, on family planning, protection of human fetuses, and the conditions under which pregnancy termination is possible, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1993, 44(2):253; and Reproductive Freedom News, June 6, 1997, VI(10):7.
34. Belgium: Law of April 3, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 13); Greece: Law No. 1609 of June 28, 1986, on voluntary termination of pregnancy, etc., translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1986, 37(4):793; and Spain: Organic Law No. 9, July 5, 1985, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1985, 36(3):614.
35. Assistance to Pregnant Women and Families Amendment Law of Aug. 21, 1995, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1996, 47(1):34; and Funk N, The status of women in new market economies: abortion counselling and the 1995 German Abortion Law, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 1996, 12:33 & 42.
36. Ghana: Criminal Code (Amendment), 1985, Feb. 22, 1985, amending Criminal Code (29), 1960, §§58-59; Botswana: Penal Code...1991, op. cit. (see reference 20); Burkina Faso: IPPF, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 26), p. 8; and South Africa: Choice on Termination of Pregnancy, Act. No. 92, Nov. 12, 1996, art. 2.
37. Act No. 18.826 of Aug. 24, 1989, translated in Annual Review of Population Laws, 1989, Vol. 16, p. 28.
38. Decree No. 1030, Jan. 20, 1998, Chap. II, §§ 133-37.
39. Constitutional Court, Decision C-133/94, March 17, 1994.
40. Hull TH, Sarwono SW and Widyantoro N, Induced abortion in Indonesia, Studies in Family Planning, 1993, 24:241.
41. Attorney General v. X and Others, [1992] 1 I.R. 1, 53; and Hamilton L, Matters of life and death, Fordham Law Review, 1996, 65:543, 557.
42. Grupo de Informacíon en Reproducíon Elegida, Nuevas Estrategias para Abordar el Tema de los Derechos Reproductivas, Mexico City: Grupo de Informacíon en Reproducíon Elegida, 1995, p. 53; and Madrigal I, Cambios en la tipification y penalizacion del aborto en el estado de Chihuahua, 1997, unpublished.
43. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 869-77 (1992); and the Center for Reproductive Rights, 1997, op. cit. (see reference 24).
44. S. Thapa, Technical Advisor, Family Health Division, Ministry of Health, Kathmandu, Nepal, personal communication, Feb. 19, 1998; E. Kotchkina, director, Gender Expertise Project, Moscow Center for Gender Studies, Moscow, Russia, personal communication, Feb. 18, 1998; and E. Gapova, Centre for Gender Studies, European Humanities University, Minsk, Belarus, personal communication, Feb. 22, 1998.
45. Hardy E et al., Comparison of women having clandestine and hospital abortions: Maputo, Mozambique, Reproductive Health Matters, 1997, 9:108-09.
46. Haiti: Population Division, UN Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 18), p. 45; and Indonesia: Hull TH, Sarwono SW and Widyantoro N, 1993, op. cit. (see reference 40).
47. Dondénaz M et al., Interruptions de grossesse en Suisse 1991-1994, Bulletin des medecins suisses, 1996, 77:308-314.
48. Henshaw SK, 1990, op. cit. (see reference 1).
49. Thapa P, Thapa S and Shrestha, N, A hospital-based study of abortion in Nepal, Studies in Family Planning, 1992, 23(5):311; and Goodwin J, Prisoners of biology, On the Issues, 1996, 5(4):17.
50. Casas-Becerra L, Women prosecuted and imprisoned for abortion in Chile, Reproductive Health Matters, 1997, 9:29-30.
51. Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: Namibia, Article 12.5, CEDAW/C/NAM/1, 1997.
52. Nigeria: Okonofua F, Preventing unsafe abortion in Nigeria, African Journal of Reproductive Health, 1997, 1:25-36; Belgium: Temmerman M, Amy J, and Thiery M, Belgium, in Sachdev P, 1988, op. cit. (see reference 4), pp. 49-50; and the Netherlands: Ketting E, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 14).
53. Population Division, UN Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, 1995, op. cit. (see reference 10) p. 38.
54. Ireland: Tiedemann J, The abortion controversy in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland and its potential effect on unification, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal, 1995, 17:737-760; Great Britain: Abortion Act 1967 (c 87) as amended by Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990 (c37), §4(1); Italy: Penal Code (Ulrico Hoepli, 1992), art. 9; and Singapore: Shin M, Singapore, in Library of Congress, ed., Report for Congress: Abortion Laws and Policies in Selected Foreign Countries, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1996, pp. 112 & 114.
55. Rahman A, A view towards women's reproductive rights perspective on selected laws and policies in Pakistan, Whittier Law Review, 1994, 15(4): 981, 994-995.
56. The Center for Reproductive Rights and International Federation of Women Lawyers (Kenya Chapter), Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting their Reproductive Lives, New York: The Center for Reproductive Rights, 1997, p. 39.
57. Denmark: Rasmussen N, Denmark, in Rolston E and Eggert A, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 14), p.75; France: Decree No. 88-59 of Jan. 18, 1988, . . . concerning public hospital establishments required to carry out voluntary terminations of pregnancy, translated in International Digest of Health Legislation, 1989, 40(1):79.
58. Act No. 93-121 of Jan. 27, 1993, concerning diverse measures of social order.
59. Dassonville A, La Cour de cassation rejette les arguments des commandos anti-IVG, Le Monde, Nov. 29, 1996; and Aulagnon M, Les commandos anti-avortement ont échoué dons leur volonté de fragiliser la loi, Le Monde, Apr. 20, 1996. 60. Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994, May 26, 1994.

previous